Italy: Andrea Cesalpino (1519 - 1603), Italian physician, philosopher and botanist. 19th century statue outside...

Andrea Cesalpino (6 June 1519 -23 February 1603) was an Italian physician, philosopher and botanist. In his works he classified plants according to their fruits and seeds, rather than alphabetically or by medicinal properties. In 1555, he succeeded Luca Ghini as director of the botanical garden in Pisa. The botanist Pietro Castelli was one of his students. Cesalpino also did limited work in the field of physiology. He theorized a circulation of the blood. However, he envisioned a 'chemical circulation' consisting of repeated evaporation and condensation of blood, rather than the concept of 'physical circulation' popularized by the writings of William Harvey (1578–1657).